Happy birthday Piltdown Man...100 years old
yesterday.
Piltdown Man (or Eoanthropus dawsoni to give him his proper name) remains
the greatest scientific hoax (that we know of in any case) of all time, the
fragments of human skull, an ape-like jaw and worked flints unearthed to the
south of a quiet Sussex village, was, a century ago, hailed by the world’s
press as the most sensational archaeological find ever: the ‘missing link’ in
the chain of evolution. The news spread quickly, anthropologists, geologists,
and archaeologists all voicing their eagerness to examine the find. The cradle
of humanity was to be found in the counties of southern England;
it was official.
Of course it wasn't..
The “Earliest Englishman” was a hoax (not just any old hoax mind, the London
Star declared it at the time to be “THE BIGGEST SCIENTIFIC HOAX OF THE
CENTURY”). There never had been a ‘missing link’ preserved in the gravels of
Piltdown; the whole discovery had been part of an elaborate and complex
archaeological forgery.
Well ok we don't know exactly when the most
famous scientific hoax was precisely 'born' but we can be pretty sure when he
was conceived (somewhere between November 1911 and February 1912) and we can be
sure that, after a 10 month gestation period, he was officially brought kicking
and screaming into the world on the evening of the 18th December 1912 at a
meeting of the Geological Society in London. It was there that the 'finder' of
the Earliest Englishman, Charles Dawson, together with his co-director, Arthur
Smith Woodward of the Natural History Museum, presented the artefacts and their
theory to the hushed audience. 100 years to the day I was in that self same
room in the geological society giving a paper on Charles Dawson and why it now
seems pretty clear that he was indeed the perpetrator of the hoax (and of at
least 35 previous offences which also now need to be taken into consideration),
which was kinda spooky, but good, in terms of 'resolution'.
Piltdown is one of the most famous 'brand names'
in archaeology today, something that annoys a lot of people (as it's not a genuine
archaeological find and, worse, it's something which successfully derailed
research into the human past for a not inconsiderable period of time), but I
admit to finding the tale rather comforting (in a strange way) as it's the
point of which archaeology, as a science, woke up and grew up, becoming far
more questioning, and far more critical about the nature of 'evidence', in the
process. It was, after all, the archaeological finds of early humans made
around the world in the years after 1912, with their more human faces and
ape-like skulls that helped dethrone Piltdown Man (which had these critical
features in the wrong order), way before the nature of the hoax was finally
revealed in 1953.
I have to say that I also have a bit of a soft
spot for Charles Dawson. Not for what he did (that was ultimately unforgivable),
but for the way that he did it. Dawson was a masterful forger: he gave people what he knew they wanted and what they
had searched for for so long. He also did everything with such style. What
would have happened had he been found out in his life (he died in 1916) we will
never know, but I'm sure he would have 'gotten away with it too' (in classic Scooby Doo style), if only it
hadn't 'been for those darned kids' in 1953.
When Dawson
died, Piltdown man’s story ended too, there being no more finds of the most
elusive of Englishmen from the gravel pits of Sussex.
So, rest in peace Charles Dawson, FSA, FGS
(1864-1916) and Eoanthropus dawsoni (1912-53)...
...and HAPPY BIRTHDAY !